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had been kept, though well roofed and bedded with straw, was open and cold.

Afterward I had a large sow and two smaller hogs which I let out of the pen to give them exercise, as I intended to keep them through the winter. The weather was warm for the season, and the wind from the southeast. It had been raining, but the rain had ceased. They were so overjoyed to get their freedom that they kept on the run and did not come into the pen at feed- ing-time at night. It turned cold during the night, and the wind blew through an open door directly on the sleeping hogs.

All of the Afflicted Animals Lost Flesh

In the morning they did not come out of the sleeping-apartment to eat. The two smaller hogs seemed stiff in every joint, but managed to get up and limp out to eat. The large sow when driven up staggered and fell, got up and staggered out to the trough, where she lay several days refusing to get up and eating nothing during that time, but finally got well.

The smaller hogs, not being afflicted so badly, got well soonest, but all lost flesh during their affliction. Once I had a sow so badly oft' she could not be driven, nor helped up, but I rolled her over every day. She would not eat when at the worst stage, but after lying four or five days without food slowly recovered. More sows than hogs have been afflicted with rheumatism, and more boars than geldings. Some sows seemed more liable to an attack of lameness at a certain period of their pregnancy than at other times, but did not lose their pigs.

Once I had a lot of shoats which, on ac- count of deep snow and cold weather, had been confined in the pen for several weeks. They were so healthy and strong that some of them at feeding-time would stand on their hind legs, with their fore feet against the side of the pen and heads up looking eagerly for the feed to come.

What Hog Experts Recommend for Treatment

When the snow had gone there came a pleasant day, and I foolishly turned them all out to exercise. Full of strength and joy, they kept on a continual run all day. Next morning none of them would leave their beds to eat breakfast and were driven out to the trough. All were very lame. Some could hardly walk at all, and the boar was the worst of any. They all lost flesh, but eventually all recovered.

Doctor Law says : "Rheumatism in swine owes its development to cold and wet. cold drafts and disorders, especially of the di- gestive and respiratory organs," and recom- mends for treatment physic with castor-oil.

Doctor Dadd says : "Keep the animals on a boiled diet, which should be given warm. Remove the cause by avoiding exposure and filth, and physic with powdered sulphur."

Prof. F. D. Coburn says ; "A tablespoon- ful of cod-liver oil should be given to each pig once or twice a day in its food. The cod-liver oil, besides curing the rheumatism, both acute and chronic, also improves the condition wonderfully. Provide well-littered, warm housing, from which the pigs can emerge into the yards at will. Give boiled or steamed food and sour milk."

None of the doctors agree as to the par- ticular kind of physic to be given, and so we may conclude any kind will do if ad- ministered in time.

replaced. The tons and tons of rich, dark, sticky ooze left on the floors of dwellings, on the paved streets of the cities and which ruined so many million dollars' worth of merchants' stock are typical of the thousands and thousands of more tons which were car- ried away to settle temporarily in the river- bottoms and finally to reach the sea. It is lost to the farmer forever. Future genera- tions will suffer for lack of it.

How the Trees Reduced the Damage

Were it not for the trees along the banks of the rivers the losses would have been even greater, but every tree was a sentinel to stop a small portion of the flood. The trees which were on the true banks of the rivers were, during the flood, from one-third to one-half way to the center of the stream. Every tree ^stopped some of the debris, checked the velocity of the water somewhat and thus tended to check the erosion.

Had there been more large trees along the banks of all the rivers and levees the damage from flood wovtld have been much reduced.

What Can be Learned from the Flood

The effect of the rain on farm property in general is noteworthy. Orchards and woodlots were not washed to any noticeable extent even on very hilly ground. Corn- stubble was washed severely on hilly ground, but unharmed on gentle slopes and level land. Spring-plowed ground was badly washed where there was even very slight slope. The lowlands were for the most part benefited by the sediment. Some standing water apparently killed a small amount of wheat and alfalfa, and some of these crops were also covered by sediment. The only loss will be the cost of replanting.

Wire fences stood the flood much better than wooden fences. Woven-wire fences came through in better condition than barbed wire.

Outside of the district actually flooded the - roads were in excellent condition one week after the rain had ceased. Macadam roads were exceptionally good, and when oiled were perfect. Gravel and dirt roads were somewhat washed, but were, nevertheless, in fairly good condition.

Poultry and swine houses on low ground were made damp and, in some- cases, unin- habitable.

The warm weather following the rain re- sulted, as this is written, April 7th, in a luxuriant growth of winter wheat, alfalfa and pasture.

Farm conditions through Ohio and north- ern Kentucky are in general promising, and crop prospects are good. From present ap- pearances all crops will be normal and at least equal to those of 1912.

Lock Joint ia Water-tight

Crop rotation should be so managed that it will sustain the greatest number of live stock, which will mean a double profit from the soil while building it up and increasing its value.

The Ohio Valley Flood and 1913 Crops

[continued from page 5]

flood district the loss of life among farmers and their families was very small, if any.

Of the eighty thousand persons seeking aid and homes, the number of farmers is also small, though classified figures on this subject cannot be had. Probably less than one per cent, of farm families in the flood district were made homeless.

The Percentage of Farm Property Affected

The investigation revealed the surprising fact that the rains did no unusual damage to farm property compared with other spring rains, and the damage by flood was confined entirely to property in the path of the flood. Bridges of concrete and steel, towns, build- ings, live stock, "farm implements and every- thing movable suffered alike. Nothing could resist the swift rush of the waters. But the percentage of flooded farms was small, some- where between one tenth and one half of one per cent, of all the farms in the States affected, particularly Ohio, Indiana and Ken- tucky. The extent of injury to the damaged farms ranges from a negligible quantity to a seventy per cent, loss, not over that, as the land is still there.

So far as could be ascertained, all the farm buildings and improvements damaged will be rebuilt or replaced. Over ninety per cent, of the farmers in the path of the flood were considered by their neighbors as fairly well-to-do and financially able to make a fresh start and repair their losses at once.

The loss of soil can of course never be

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I Poultry-Raising |

Raising Wild Ducks

By Laurence Grand

WHETHER raising wild clucks is profitable from a financial standpoint is a question. But they sell at as high a price as any ; I get seventy-five cents apiece, and if they are scarce I get one dollar. I live in the river country in Illinois where wild ducks are still to be found in the sea- son, and our start came from a nest of eggs. We change our drakes every two years.

Wild Ducks are Good Layers

The wild duck is a prolific layer, but until nearly time to set they will lay anyvrhere they happen to be. in the road or in the bams. The first thing in the morning we look for the eggs, which are of very fine flavor.

I can raise the ducks without a mother, by hatching the eggs in the incubator, but when running the incubator with duck eggs the per cent, of moisture must be very much higher than for even tame duck eggs. Never wash one of the eggs, no matter how dirty

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Wild Mallards — drake to the right, duck to the left

it is, for it will not be likely to hatch. I never keep over a dozen wild ducks through the winter unless a large number of eggs has been ordered ahead. I get $1 a dozen for the gray Mallard duck eggs, and $1.50 a dozen for the black Mallard eggs.

Wild Ducks are Good Mothers

The hens are apt to steal their nests, but you need not worry about losing the ducks, for the mother will come up to the porch

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and promenade in front of you with her babies, of which she is very proud.

Feeding the young ducks is a problem, for many things do not agree with them. Coarse ground feed, do' at first and then wet or dry, gives the best results. Feed sparingly, and give them water often, but not enough at a time to let them swim in it. I shut the little ducks up, but have a pen large enough to enable them to get plenty of grass, and the mother <;an jump over the boards. Do not handle the little ducks any more than enough to make them tame.

Wild ducks raised on the farm do not have the fishy taste that spoils the flavor of the ones shot.

We have no trouble whatever with the wild ducks that we raise flying away. But the hunters will shoot them if they can. The wild ducks do not wander far from the house at any time, and at the first sound of a gun we call them, and they come at once.

Nearly all farmers who raise ducks here in Illinois sell them to the hunters.

I do not consider them especially profit- able, but every farmer should raise enough so as to have Mallard duck whenever he wants it, for the meat is excellent.

Lime-Sulphur as a Poultry- House Spray

By F. M. Sherman CEVERAL years ago, while spraying the orchard, the thought struck me, "Why not spray the chicken-house?" So when through in the orchard we went into the yards, using the same strength solution as had been applied to the orchard. The ma- chine forced the solution into every crack and crevice in the entire building, doing a decidedly more effective job than can pos- sibly be obtained in any other way.

Should a bit of lime-sulphur reach Mr. Mite or his cousin, Mr. Chicken-Louse, you will not need to lose any more sleep or worry in the least as to the future depreda- tions he will commit. Not only that, but should the solution come in contact with any lar\'3e or nits they will never produce a live mite. So you not only clean out the present pests, but eradicate most of the crop of future trouble, at the same time_ disinfecting the premises thoroughly.

How to Make 5-5-50 Lime-Sulphur

We usually make our solution at home, as it is not only stronger, but much cheaper. Should you wish to use a considerable amount, take five pounds of lime and slake well, add five pounds of sulphur and enough water to fill a large kettle reasonably full. We find a twenty-gallon kettle about right. Bring the solution to a boil, and keep it up for an hour, or until the solution is a brownish black ; to this, add enough water to make fifty gallons, and your solution is ready. It is strong enough to kill any chicken pest. This is what is generally called the S-S-50 solution.

We soon discovered, when using the sprayer, that if the solution came in direct contact with the skin it caused most dis- agreeable burns, much more distressing than any direct application of heat. This is avoided by thoroughly covering the hands with tallow. When we are working in the orchard for any length of time we always apply tallow to our faces also.

"Mother" Bantam Rooster

By A. E. Vandervort pOULTRYMEN see many curiosities, but

here is an exceptional one. A breeder in a neighboring town had a Buff Cochin hen that became broody the fore part of August, but on account of the lateness of the season he did not care to set her, so broke her up.

Her mate, a Buff Bantam rooster, at once took possession of the nest, occupying it steadUy from morning until night tor three

Farm and Fireside, May 10. 1913

and his brood

days. To be sure that he meant business a china egg was placed under him. Still he continued to set, so some eggs were placed under him. This was on August 17th. and six eggs were placed under him. He sat as steadily as an old hen, and on September ~th five of the six eggs hatched. As a "mother" he proved very successful, raising c\cry one of the five chicks. He was a grtat curiosity to the many who saw him, with his five children. •caring for them even better than nn old hen and crowing as proudly as any cock.

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