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OUR POULTRY CLUB

By special arrangement with the pub- lishers of Poultry Success, you can get this splendid paper for one year in connection with Fahsi and FiEESiDE at a special re- duced price.

Poultry Success is one of the oldest poul- try papers published. Each issue contains numerous special articles written bj' the best known poultry experts and specialists. This magazine is full of life, up-to-date and a real necessity to anyone who desires to keep in touch with practical ideas on poultry.

FARM AND FIRESIDE 1 ^" POULTRY SUCCESS/ w^^^vTar

FARM ANO FIRESIDE

Springfield, Ohio

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Farm and Fireside. March 29. 1913

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Branches in all principal cities.

Eastern Edition

EVERY OTHER WEEK

THE NATIONAL FARM PAPER

ESTABLISHED 1877

SATURDAY, APRIL 12, 1913

Farm and Fireside, April 12, 1913

THE EDITOR'S BILLBOARD OF COMING ATTRACTIONS

WITH THE EDITOR

ADVERTISEMENTS ALL ADVERTISERS GUARANTEED

special Article

There are so many different kinds of doctors nowadays that readers of Farm AND Fireside will not be surprised to learn of crop doctors. The farmers of a county in Illinois have hired an agri- cultural expert to be their crop doctor. They found that he will be kept so busy that they have put him on a salary instead of paying him so much a visit. The next issue of Farm axd Fireside will tell of the work of this crop doctor.

The hen that nets her owner three dol- lars a year has good reason to cackle when she lays an egg. But. after all, the value of a hen depends chiefly upon her owner. Therefore you will be in- terested in the article entitled "Know- ing How With Hens."

Garden and Orchard

The fable of the lion and the mouse teaches us not to ignore creatures which appear small. The bug and in- sect question is one of the greatest ones now confronting gardeners and orchardists. The most successful of men in these lines are those who know most about bugs. For this reason Farm and Fireside experts will tell us some bug stories in the next few issues. If you want to know why your orchard or garden doesn't pay and how to make it pay, be sure to read about the bugs.

A few issues back, Mr. Grundy, one of the best poultry experts in the coun- try, said in Farm and Fireside that eggs could not be washed without spoiling them for market purposes. Several other poultry experts have objected to Mr. Grundy's statement, claiming that they have washed and successfully marketed soiled eggs and that the cleaning process was entirely successful. This is a matter of economic importance and will be further discussed in a coming issue.

Crops and Soils

The watchword in farm practice now- adays is "experiment." First decide what you wish to accomplish, next devise some plan which you think will accomplish it and finally try out the plan. That's all experimenting really is. It doesn't take a man with a lipen collar and a boiled shirt to make farm experiments. A farmer's idea of ex- periments will therefore interest yovi.

Farm Notes

How about the immigrant for farm labor? Of course the idea does not appeal to you at all. But Mr. Hollister Sage, who has made a study of the problem, has written for Farm and Fireside something on "The Trans- fusion of Blood as Applied to Farm Help." It discusses the immigrant problem.

Lice Slock and Dairy

Winter or summer dairying? \yhich is more profitable? Neither. Dairying is an all-year business with those who are most successful with cows. An article on this subject tells the reason why.

The Farmers' Lobby

Attention is called to the fact that Mr. Welliver never goes on a vacation as far as Congress and the interests in Washington have been able to find out. Next issue look for The Lobby.

Special Articles for Women

"What to Plant for Beauty Around the Farm Home" is the title of a page article which tells how to utilize many of the beautiful and easily trans- planted shrubs and wild flowers. It is surprising to find how many of our native plants may be most effectively used for beautifying the country home. All those who have enjoyed the serial will be equally interested in reading how "Lttty Meets the Art of Life" in the April 26th number.

Children's Page

There is a treat in store for our boys and girls who are wondering how they can have a good time on May Day.

Bird-Houses

Bird-houses are lots of fun for the boys to make. The bird-houses that are going to be published will give the boys a chance to try their hand at carpentry, and at the same time help out many young bird couples which are looking for places to live.

Fancy- Work

The old-fashioned cross-stitch has be- coine so popular nowadays that our readers will welcome these new de- signs, with directions for working them in colors.

Fashions '

Mothers will be interested in the fashion page, which shows many at- tractive designs for children of all ages, and some for the mothers them- selves.

What is the ideal farm? Pretty hard to answer. The Ideal There is a man in Linn County, Iowa, who thinks

Farm the farm of 120 acres in the corn belt is the ideal.

He has had experience on farms of 80, 120, 160 and 490 acres, and believes in the 120-acre farm, "because there is a richer life, less pain and sorrow, and more pro rata profit in farming j^st enough land to keep one busy without keeping hired help."

The land is free from stumps, stones and obstacles; the fields are laid out regularly and on a liberal scale, machinery can be used to perfection, and one man can work 120 acres "without hiring help."

How much clear money can a man make on this sort of farm.*" This Iowa farmer, whose name is J. F. Sparks, has some ideas on this which are based on successful experience.

The ideal farm of 120 acres described by this 120-acre farmer should sell, he says, products on the average to the amount of 34,600 a year. Feed to the value of 31,000 a year would be bought. This would leave the farmer, as interest and wages, 33,600. He deducts the 3600 for incidentals, and gives 33,000 as the net return.

jMr. Sparks divides his land into four fields — fenced hog-tight. On one he raises corn with pumpkins, and follows with oats and winter wheat. On the second, clover is sown with the wheat and oats of the year before. On the third, corn is grown on the broken-up clover sod. This is a three-year rotation. Where he says "wheat and oats," he means twenty-five acres of oats and five acres of winter wheat. There is nothing new, of course, in this.

This accounts for ninety acres. The other thirty acres Mr. Sparks keeps in permanent pasture and for the building-site, garden and orchard. This provides for corn on clover-sod, which is the best way.

He would have on this farm, in buildings, a good How Much "modern" house, a barn, a cow-stable and silo, a Stock? hog-house with cement feed-floor outside, chicken-

house, cribs, granary and machine-shed.

In animals he would have two "splendidly bred" draft-mares and would raise draft-colts. He would have eight to ten head of mares and colts constantly. Also twelve milch cows, each of them good enough as a milker to give 340 income a year. If you have any that won't do that, sell them! He would keep one bull. In fowls the flock should number about three hundred hens, some geese, some ducks, some turkeys, some guineas and a pair of peafowl!

And listen to his talk about hogs: "twenty head of long, lank brood-sows and one boar." In addition he recommends five stands of bees. You see, he proposes to pasture the fields and woods and roadsides with the bees.

Under the head of "garden" he includes a vineyard, an orchard, berry-patches, table vegetables and potatoes. These come out of the fourth field, with the building-site and permanent pasture.

Mr. Sparks says he knows of families that are doing a 3400 poultry business yearly with such a flock as I have mentioned, but he sticks his pin at 3250 as what anyone should do who makes the most of his chances and keeps the right kind of hens. The dozen cows should turn off 3480 in the year, at the minimum of 340 each — or the butcher's block. This farm should sell three colts in two years, or one and a half a year, for 3300. Even in the present slump the right kind of colts will bring 3200, but, as a horse-buying friend of mine says, "They have to be poppin' colts!" Mr. Sparks would raise poppin' colts. With the right kind of breeding, it's as easy to raise that kind as any.

He wouldn't keep a sow that wouldn't raise two A Problem litters a year, each of which would number six pork- in Pigs ers on the average at weaning-time. "It is no trick,"

says he, "to select twenty sows that will do this if you give them a fair chance. It is no trick, with good hogs, good qiiarters, good water, good oats, good corn, good clover-hay and good care to make these pigs average 250 pounds at ten months."

The 240 hogs at six cents — a fair average price — will bring 33,600. He would consume on the farm the honey, the fruits and the vege- tables, and sell only the live-stock staples.

"You will not be able to reach this figure the first year," says Mr. Sparks, "but with good management you can come close to it the second year."

This is a corn-belt idea, and one of the best-worked-out I have ever seen. It comes from a man who rides the corn-plow. It is worth the consideration of every farmer everywhere.

The central thought is EFFICIENCY. No poor cows, no poor sows, no poor horses, no poor buildings, no poor machinery, nothing but the best. He says that the way to get these things is to buy them and pay for them if you can, and if not, go in debt for them. On this point every man must be his own judge. Also as to the size of the farm. In many places a man could no more work 120 acres than he could fly, and in some places he would need much more than that.

But on the whole Mr. Sparks has done a good thing What's Your in giving us something concrete to work for in his Ideal Farm? ideal farm — an ideal which he has worked out.

What's the ideal farm for your condition, reader.^ Let's hear from you. And, by the way, the paper from which I get this ideal of Mr. Sparks's was read before a common, ordinary farmers' institute in Linn County, Iowa, — just such an institution a^ you may have in your neighborhood, — and maybe did have last winter. We can't all have the deep, black loam of Iowa, nor can we always get even half of 115 bushels of corn to the acre. But the central thought in it is ready to be applied on any farm and any soil.

Aienls page

American Products Co 28

Canton Cutlery Co 28

Thomas Mfg. Co 18

Automobiles and Accessories

Hudson Motor Co 32

Carriages. IVagons and Accessories

Bohon, D. T 15

Electric Wheel Co 19

Elkhart Carr'ge & Harness Mfg. Co. 8

Empire Mfg. Co 19

Murray Mfg. Co., Wilbur H 7

Mutual Carr'ge & Harness Mfg. Co. 9

Ohio Carriage Mfg. Co 12

Split Hickory Wheel Co 18

Clothing — Miscellaneous

Greenhut-Siegel Cooper 22

Tower Co., A. J 7

Correspondence Schools

International Ry. Corre. Institute. . 6

Page-Davis Co 14

National Salesmen's Training Ass'n 18

Louis A. Klein, Dean 16

Farm Engines

Ellis Engine Co 6

Fairbanks, Morse & Co 10

Galloway Co 8

Goulds Mfg. Co., The 19

Int. Harvester Co. of America.... 15

Jacobson Machine Mfg. Co 14

United States Engine Works 8

Whitman Agricultural Co 10

Witte Iron Works Co 7

Farm Implements and Accessories

Aermotor Co 18

Chicago Flexible Shaft Co 19

Cutaway Harrow Co 10

Deere Plow Co., John 20

Deere Plow Co., John 12

Farquhar Co., Ltd., A. B 10

Farquhar Co., Ltd., A. B 14

Galloway Co 10

Lane Bros. Co 16

Potato Implement Co 10

New Albany Box & Basket Co 10

Wilson Bros IS

Bond Steel Post Co 6

Brown Fence & Wire Co 6

Coiled Spring Fence Co 6

Cyclone Woven Wire Fence Co... 14

Cyclone Fence Co 6

Kitselman Bros 6

Kokomo Fence Machine Co 6

Mason Fence Co 14

Up-To-Date Mfg. Co 14

Ward Fence Co 14

Fertilizers ~

German Kali Works 11

Food-Stuffs

Postum Cereal Co 7

Postum Cereal Co 10

Postum Cereal Co 13

Household — Miscellarteous

Bissell Carpet Sweeper Co 28

Colgate & Co 28

Cudahy Packing Co 9

Collette Mfg. Co 24

Chalmers & Co., R. E 29

Dom, J. C , 28

Fels-Naptha 31

Gold Coin Stove Co 31

Gold Dust 24

Genesee Pure Food Co 7

Hoosier Stove Co 24

Hartshorn, Stewart 24

Kalamazoo Stove Co 24

New Home Sewing Machine Co. . . 29

Parker's Hair Balsam 28

Port Elizabeth Feather Co 28

Incubators, Poultry, Etc.

Essex Incubator Co 20

Edge Hill Silica Rock Co 14

Greider, B. H 14

Pfile. Henry : 14

Providence Squab Co 14

Souder, H. A 14

Atlantic Coast Line Ry 7

Department of Interior 14

Hanlin, Mrs. J. A 10

Kuhn Irrigated Land Co 31

Northern Pacific Ry 13

Richards, M. V., L. & I. .\gt 7

Seagraves, G. L., A. T. & S. F. Ry. 7

Strout Farm Agency, E. A 14

Lice Stoci(, Slocl( Foods and Remedies

Blatchford's Calf Meal Factory,... 18

Hess & Clark. Dr 17

McKallor Drug Co 19

Mineral Heave Co 16

Pratt Food Co 14

Young, W. P., P. D. F 16

Monumental Bronze Co 24

Plants, Seeds, Trees, Etc.

Aldridge, Arthur 10

Davey Institute of Tree Surgery... 11

Ford. C. W 10

Roesch & Son, Lewis 10

Paints and Roofing

Barrett Mfg. Co 14

Chase, The Paintman, O. L 6

Central Roofing & Supply Co 16

Century Mfg. Co 11

Century Mfg. Co 17

Edwards Mfg. Co 6

General Roofing Co 7

Johns-Manville Co.. H. W 8

Kenneberg Roofing & Ceiling Co, . . 19

National Lead Co 6 ,

National Fire Proofing Co IJ

[concluded on page 10]

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Vol. XXXVI. No. 1 4

Springfield, Ohio, April 12. 1913

PUBLISHED BI-WEEKLY

Secretary Houston's Opportunity

WHEN the unexpected happened in the ap- pointment of David Franklin Houston, Secretary of Agriculture, the natural in- clination of the farmer and disappointed candidate was to magnify Mr. Houston's lack of agricultural qualifications. President Wilson is cen- sured for placing a schoolmaster in charge of our farming interests that now overshadow in importance all others. While this act of the President is without precedent in any country of importance of which we have knowledge, it is too early to get disturbed by this unusual appointment. Every official in the new adminis- tration should have a chance to make good without hindrance.

Not every candidate who failed in the race for Secre- tary .of Agriculture would have measured up to the requirements of this office had the choice fallen else- where. The work of conducting the United States Department of Agriculture has grown to be a man's job.

The duties of Mr. Houston as chancellor of a great university did not require him to have the broad and definite knowledge that the Secretary of our Department of Agriculture is expected to possess. Nevertheless, there are men who, while preparing for a chancellor's job, understand that a knowledge of the essentials underlying modern agricultural science is a neces- sary equipment for the work that has to do with the education of our present-day youth. Our new Secretary of Agriculture is said to be one of these. At least, Mr. Houston has made an exhaustive study of a subject that now has a most intimate connection with successful farming ; namely, economics. Uneconomic production and distribution are the pitfalls responsible for failures innumerable on our farms to-day.

Our grandfathers were sure of a good living without much attention to economic production and distribution. Farmers from now on must operate more and more on a business basis similar to what manufacturers have been compelled to adopt. H Secretary Houston can be the means of hastening the time when farmers generally will produce and distribute the products of their farms economically, the entire country will- gain by a period of his administration. We already have an abundance of light on the production of crops. What is now par- ticularly necessary is to be shown more (by the man from Missouri) how farm products can be grown and distributed at a profit by the farmer of moderate capital.

Another opportunity for Secretary Houston is to bring into use his knowledge of and training in political science in building up an effective administration in his department which has in some important respects been admittedly lax. First he must establish a harmonious working organization and be its acknowledged head in fact as well as in name before real accomplishment can be hoped for. We believe that the new ^Secretary will be master of his official household.

Parcel Post in Action

FROM many sources reports are arriving stating that parcel post is being tried out for every kind of carrying that the present inadequate law makes possible. The January business under this law exceeded the expectations of the postal authorities, and the par- cels carried in February were forty per cent, in excess of the January business. The fifty million parcels car- ried in February were handled without "noticeably con- gesting the mails, and the Post-Office Department officials already begin to understand the revenue possi- bilities that can be expected when the shortcomings of the parcel-post law are remedied.

; The personal letters of Farm and Fireside subscribers constantly coming in from widely separated points give detailed results of experimental shipments sent by par- cel post. These throw much light on the limitations of the present law. Only a few commodities can now

be posted with mutual satisfaction to shippers and receivers, but the success and convenience" of sending these few are rapidly making sentihient for a really adequate parcel-post system.

The State of Ohio saved the tidy sum of $13,600 in one transaction by taking advantage of parcel post to send out the automobile tags for the present year. Instead of an average cost of twelve and a half cents for each tag sent last year, the tags went this year for eight cents each by parcel post.

The law, shorn as it was in passage tof essentials, is a foundation on which to work. Now it is for the people to demonstrattf*.its failings and successes from the pro- ducers' and consumers' standpoint.

Farm and Fireside urges its readers to try out this law and get exact knowledge that can be supplied as a basis on which to work for a betterment of the law when Congress meets next winter. On July 1st of this year a C. O. D. parcel-post system will go into effect between money-order offices by which the price of the article and the charges on it may be collected from the addressee.

American- hens laid 1,705 million dozen eggs in 1912, of which 19 million dozen were exported. The total production in 190(J was 1,300 million dozen.

'1, 't> n\ «|«

^Jt^ yf^ yft ^ Jt* ^

We're Late but Alive

COME of our readers may receive this issue of

Farm and Fireside a few days late. The

delay is due to the paralyzed condition of mail service in Central Ohio caused by flood waters.

The Farm and Fireside ofEces and presses

were not damaged and the next issue will reach you at the regular time.

Though we fully appreciate our tardiness in getting the paper to you, we are glad to announce that the railroads are using tjie few tracks and trains available first for the relief of the stricken area. The transportation of magazine mail is receiving only secondary consideration. Under these circumstances we are glad we are late.

M» ^t|* <r* vl^ ^i/ si/ ^1. ^] .T*-.T> -T* ^ Jf* -Tvi* -T* ^t^Ti

Reputation for Full- Weight Butter

SHORT-WEIGHT butter is not necessarily due to dishonesty, carelessness or inaccurate scales. A shortage in weight may unintentionally be caused by shrinkage, which is simply the evaporation of moisture from the butter. Most butter contains between twelve and fifteen per cent, of moisture, and somewhere be- tween the farmer's butter-worker and the consumer's table some of the moisture is likely to evaporate.

One-pound prints of butter will lose, on an average for the first few weeks, about one quarter of an ounce in weight every week, if they are packed so that air can circulate around them. If they are packed close together in a box, the shrinkage will be about one half as much.

However, the person buying butter expects to receive a full pound, and if he doesn't get it from one person he will try somewhere else. About sixteen and one- eighth ounces seems to be the proper weight of a print of butter when packed. To be sure, one hundred and twenty-eight of those eighths of an ounce will make a pound, but even that is a small matter compared with satisfied customers. The city retail grocer has had elastic business principles so long that his reputation is not enviable. The success of marketing from the farm direct to the consumer rests largely on the business principles -which the individual farmer or farmers' associations adopt.- People are judged by , appearances even though appearances are deceiving. Therefore, full weights and measures are worthy of our most careful attention.

The Fittest for the Farm

A CANVASS of the business men of almost any city of importance in any part of our country will dis- close the fact that from sixty to eighty per cent, of the men responsible for the success of the industries of those cities were farm-bred. When this fact is brought out, we, as farmers, almost insensibly find our shoulders squaring and hea,ds assuming a higher level. But isn't there another angle to this tribute to farm upbringing?

Unquestionably the health, energy and intelligence contributed by the farmers have insured greater devel- opment and prosperity to the cities, but has not the fullest farm progress, such as improvement in marketing of farm crops and more economical farm production, been delayed by loss of the most ambitious farm youth constantly moving to the cities?

Without the influx of farm blood there would not have been the extension of commercial and industrial 'business in the cities and the outlet for surplus farm products would have been proportionately less. On the other hand, the middlemen would not have built up so effective a system for absorbing the revenues of the farms, had not the ambition and initiative going with recruits from the farm kept the vigor of city thought working and scheming at high pressure.

This much-discussed movement of farm youth to the cities has really had a more complex influence on our national life than is usually credited to it. The consid- eration of greatest importance is to know whether the youth most fit to organize and develop the farming industry according to modern requirements are now moving cityward, or do the majority of those now leav- ing the farms lack in those qualities which in days past led them to think there were greater opportunities in the cities.

When studied in a broad way there seem to be good grounds to believe that those now recruiting the cities from the farms generally have in view employment on the city car-lines, with the express companies or in the shops where the wage can be only nominal and the expectation of advancement not encouraging.

The number who have had training in agriculture, engineering or other special lines constitute but a small proportion of those who are leaving the farms for the cities. If then the best material out of which will -develop our future farmers is now remaining on the farms and the least fit material is migrating to the cities,' this problem will solve itself.

The important thing is to provide means whereby the' youth of the farms can learn to judge fairly the com- parative advantages of% farm and city life, always remembering that all farmers' sons cannot be suited with farming arjy more than all doctors' sons can be satisfied with medicine as an avocation.

Flint Corn for High Altitudes

CONSULT your geographies and find how high you live above the sea-level, for that will make a dif- ference in the kind of corn you ought to plant. Though more delicately worded, such is the advice of the New York Experiment Station to the farmers of that State.

Cooperative tests conducted over a period of three years show that varieties of flint corn are better adapted for the production of ripe grain and stover than dent varieties. For elevations of from six hundred to one' thousand feet, flint corn was best for grain, and there' was no decided preference as far as stover was con-, cerned. For elevations less than six hundred feet, dent corn was best for grain, stover or silage.

Other information on this subject seems to show that as we go north from New York State the effect of the increased latitude is similar to that of a higher altitude, and -vice versa. Thus in the New England States flint corn does well at about sea-level, and dent corn grows successfullv in the South even at high altitudes.

Farm and Fireside, April 12, 1913

Quality Prices for Quality Eggs

Why It Pays to Sell Your Eggs Where the Price is Set. by the

Goods and Not by Guess

PRODUCING better eggs is a farm- er's problem. Furnishing the incen- tive for producing of eggs of the highest quality is an egg-buyer's problem. Both problems are simple. Both require extra care. Neither one will be fully solved without the other being worked out at the same time.

The production of eggs of the best quality involves considerable pains on the part of the farmer, and the farmer who is not already taking these pains because he has formed the habit of doing all his work well Will not do so unless he is paid for his trouble. The only way of getting at him is to touch his pocketbook.

At the present time most of the eggs sold by the farmers throughout the coun- try are purchased on the "case-count" basis, or at best "rots out." "Case count" means that a flat price is paid for all eggs regardless of quality or condition. On the "rots-out" basis the actually rotten eggs are not paid for. but evervthing else goes. Eggs that are small, dirty and stale bring as much money as new-laid eggs that are large and clean. This means that the producer of good goods fails to get his share of the returns.

The Best Price for the Best Eggs

In spite of the prevalence of such sys- tems of buying, there are probably more farmers and farmers' wives who are mar- keting eggs above the average in quality than there are buyers who pay average prices and get eggs below the average in quality. This means that the dealer is not paying a price as high as the quality of the eggs would warrant.

The table shows some figures furnished by a Kansas egg-buyer. They are taken from his books and represent the eggs purchased direct from farmers during June. 1912.

On May 31st this dealer was paying fourteen cents a dozen and taking every- thing that was brought in. without refer- ence to quality. On June 1st he began buying on a basis of two grades which he called "firsts" and "seconds." He paid fifteen and one-half cents for the firsts. These were eggs that were of good size, clean, uncracked and new-laid. He paid twelve and one-half cents for seconds, or eggs that were small, dirty, shrunken or cracked. Rotten eggs were discarded and not paid for at all.

It will be noticed by referring to the columns marked "Dozen" of "firsts" and "Dozen" of "seconds" that the firsts greatly outnumbered the seconds. There was not a sin.gle day in the whole month's business when this did not hold true. In the sum total of the month's business the "firsts" outnumbered the "seconds" more than three to one. This is only a single instance, but it is likely to be true in the majority of cases, and certainly will where quality buying is practised. *

By referring to the columns headed "What they brought at 15^ cents" and "What they would have brought at 14 cents." on the first day's business, which happened tp come on Saturday, this dif- ference amounts to nearly $10. If these eggs had not been graded, but bought on the flat price, the persons who had taken care of their eggs and brought in the 663 dozen of "firsts" would have gone home with nearly $10 less money than they did Ri) home with. On the other hand, as may be seen by referring to the columns headed "What they brought at 12^ cents" and "What they would have brought at 14 cents." it will be noticed that the per- sons that brought the 254 dozen second- class eggs went home with nearly $4 less .than they would have taken home if they had been selling at the flat price. This is as it should be. The person who sells a poor product should receive a leas price.

Quality Buying Eliminates Guessing

The difference between the $10 and the $4 comes out of the dealer's pocket. This particular dealer says that he is glad to ■pay this difference because he gets more first-class eggs. At the same time he knows exactly what he is getting and does not have to guess at the number of "sec- onds" or "rots" that he may possibly get as he did when fixing a flat price. The

By Wm. A. Lippincott, Poultry^ Specialist of Kansas

price is set by the goods and not by .guess. The guess is not likely to favor the farmer as the dealer does the guessing.

There are rules that every farmer who takes pride in selling good eggs at a good price should follow :

First : Use males from one pure breed, mate them with hens instead of pullets, and keep it up year after 3^ear. It is the only way to secure a flock that will lay

The greater the difference, the better it is for all concerned. It is possible to market eggs that are over ninetj'-five per cent, ^'firsts" by observing a few precautions.

Infertile Eggs Keep Best

Third : Keep the male birds from the laying flock except during the breedin.g season. If yon sell eggs on. the quality basis, it will pay you for your trouble.

FIRSTS AND "seconds"

What they would have brought at \M

bO 3 O ■ u

What they would have brought at 14'/

What they would have brought at \A4

$174.62 ■

uniform eggs of good size unless one goes to the expense of getting a pure-bred flock outright. It has been shown by experi- ment that a hen lays a larger egg than when she was a pullet, and that hen eggs hatch better and produce larger and stronger chicks than pullet eggs. Having selected male birds of the breed you pre- fer, use that breed persistently year after year. Using males from one breed and then another is almost as bad as using mongrels.

Ninety-five Per Cent, of "Firsts"

Second : Sell your eggs only to a buyer who candles and grades and who is willing to pay at least three cents more for "firsts" than for "seconds." If your pres- ent buyer does not candle, sell to one who does. Some buyers make a difference of eight cents between "firsts" and "seconds."

Out of 2,205 eg.gs from Kansas flocks that had no male bird present, and that were candled by experts from the United States Department of Agriculture, there were 1,427. or 63.8 per cent., first-class eggs. Some of these eggs had been properly cared for and some had not, but all_ were infertile. Out of 2.257 eggs from Kansas flocks that had male birds present these same e.xperts found only 916, or 40.6 per cent., first-class eggs. The conditions in this case were exactly the same as in the first except that there were male birds present, and there was a difference of 23.2 per cent, in favor of the infertile eggs.

In money this means that, even if you are not taking particular pains with your eggs, by removing the male bird, they will net you over two thirds of a cent per dozen if you are receiving three cents more for "firsts" than for "seconds." Two

An excellent type of wall nest. The sliding door at the end can be shut at night

thirds of a cent is worth just as much when added to the selling price of the dozen eggs as it is when added to that of a pound of beef or pork on the hoof.

Fourth : Provide roomy, clean nests. There should be at least one nest for every six hens. Foul nests cause dirty eggs. Dirty eggs, no matter how large and fresh, are alwa}"s graded as "seconds" or lower. It will not do to wash the e.ggs in trying to make them clean. A washed egg is classed as a "second" because it spoils sooner than an unwashed one.

Dirty nests are generally caused by the fowls roosting on the edge of the nests and allowing droppings to fall in. or by the hens waitin.g at the edge of their favorite nest for another hen to get through laying and fouling the side of the nest with droppin.gs as they wait. In the nest illustrated the sliding door at one end may be shut at night. This will keep the birds from roosting on the nests. The narrow board by which the hens enter the nests allows their droppings to fall on tlie floor instead of accumulating to soil their feet and then the eggs. The re- movable board on the front of the nests makes it convenient to clean them.

Keep Eggs as You Would Milk

Fifth : Gather the eggs often, and keep them in a cool, drj" place all the time until sold. It was found by the Government egg experts, while working in Kansas, that oijt of 385 clean, infertile e.ggs that were collected twice a day and kept in a cave or cellar, that was cool and dry, until they were taken to town, and kept out of the sun on the way to town. 375, or 97.4 per cent., were "firsts" when candled.

At the same time, out of 479 clean but fertile eg.gs which were allowed to remain in the nests until marketed, only 60, or 13.2 per cent., candled out first-class. This is a long way from a perfect record and is duplicated surprisingly often. Between these two extremes there are differences in de.gree.

Clean, infertile e.g.gs taken from straw- stacks .gave only 29.1 per cent, first-class eg.gs. Clean, infertile eggs from under a corn crib gave 70.8 per cent, "firsts."

To produce first-class eggs, all condi- tions must be ri.ght. Eggs, like milk, should be cooled just as soon as possible after produced, kept cool and marketed as soon as possible. Like milk and butter, eggs become tainted by odors and should be kept away from onions, turnips, kero- sene, or anything else having an odor.

Sixth : Use the small, dirty or cracked e.ggs at home. Small eggs are just as wholesome for. food as large ones. They cannot be sold for as much as lar.ge ones however, for they are not worth so much. Dirty eggs are also good if fresh, but do not look well. Because of this fact they are classed as "seconds." Cracked eggs will mold and spoil quickly. Eggs found in stolen nests are alwavs of doubtful qualitv. It is better if you use them cau- tiously at home. By using the small, dirty and doubtful eggs at home, it is possible to build up a reputation for first-class eggs and make about three cents a dozen, or the difference in price between the first-class and second-class e.ggs.

The Candling Process

For those who rnay not be familiar with the process of candling I will explain that a fresh egg presents a clear pale yellow appearance when a bright light shines through it. An inferior or bad egg shows dark spots, blotches, blood veins and fre- quently an enlarged air space.

Various devices for candling or testing eggs arc used, but all have for the essen- tial principle a strong light in a case which is opaque except for an oval aperiurc| slightly smaller than an egg and beforcj which the egg can be quickly placed.

The aperture is either made in a leather diaphragm or is lined with some soft material against which the egg can be firmly pressed so that all the light comes through the egg. The operator works in the dark. A skilful egg candler can quickly tell the approximate age of an egg. whether it is good or bad. the degree of deterioration, and if incubated, to just what extent the germ has developed.l

Sweet Clover

A So-Called Weed Which Farmers are Beginning to Recognize as a Useful Crop

By H. N. Vinall

Hogs pasturing on sweet clover in Iowa

SINCE colonial days there has grown along our roadsides a legume classed as a weed by farmers, weed commissions, and even experiment station officers. A weed is "any plant out of its place." Many of our most useful crop plaints are therefpre weeds under certain conditions. So this characterization of sweet clover is not so much a disgrace after all, for while it is making roadsides unsightly it is furnishing splendid bee-pasture and improving every foot of land on which it grows.

lentil late years the only steadfast friend of sweet clover has been the bee-man, whose neighbors have in ma:^ cases uttered imprecations against him, accusing him of scattering the seed with malicious intent.

There are Three Varieties of 1 1

This antagonistic attitude is undergoing a change, and the agricultural press now contains many articles by stock-growers who are loud in their praises of this "new discovery" which promises to make their poor lands a profitable stock range for horses, cattle and sheep. As is often -the case, many over-enthusiastic advocates appear and make preposterous claims. My purpose is to place sweet clover before Farm and Fire- side readers in its true light, recounting its weaknesses as well as its strong points.

The most common kind of sweet clover and the one to which most writers refer when the simple name "sweet clover" is used is technically known as Melilotus alba. This is the white-blossomed sort, and it is also quite frequenth- designated as Bokhara clover and Melilot, or Melilotus, the latter title being the most common in the Gulf States. ^^'hen the yellow-blossomed sort, Melilotus officinalis, is meant, the term yellow is usually attached to the name as "yellow sweet clover." Both of these species are quite common throughout the United States, and both are biennial, maturing their seed the second year after planting. The root then dies.

The seed of the yellow is almost iden- tical with that of the white, but can be distinguished by seed analysts. The plants of the yellow are less vigorous, more spreading in form of growth and a trifle earlier in maturity. Most people, how- ever, depend on the color of the bloom to distinguish it from the white.

The other yellow-flowered Melilotus common in the United States is of small growth and only an annual. It is known technicallj- as Melilotus indica, but has been man}' times referred to as Melilotus parviflora. It is common in the Gulf States and in southern California and is quite easily distinguished from the other species by its smaller and less branched growth and more compact blossom panicle.

The sweet clovers are native of the Mediterranean region of the Old \A'orld. and were introduced into the United States by colonists as early as, 1738. Only in the last ten or twelve years has their value as cultivated field crops been even partially recognized. The aroused interest in them has resulted in a considerable dis- semination, especially of the white sweet clover, and it is at present grown extensively in Alabama, Mississippi, Kentucky and Utah and to a less extent in Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio.

Sweet clover is found growing in all parts of the United States. It will grow in humid and also in semi- arid localities, on the rather "acid" soils of the East and the alkali soils of the West, on both sandy and clay soils, in fact there are but few localities or conditions where it will not thrive.

A Good Stand is Sometimes Hard to Get

The matter of a good stand is perhaps the most dis- appointing feature connected with the utilization of sweet clover. Farmers noting its rank growth along the rc^adsides and around dumping-grounds presume it to be an eas}' matter to secure a stand on their cultivated fields, but many failures are apt to be encountered.

The exact causes of these cases of failure have not yet been determined. Perhaps in a majority of times it has been poor or delayed germination. The average germination of twenty-two samples of southern-grown seed tested by the United States Department of Agricul- ture was fourteen per cent. ; the same number of sam-

ples of northern-grown seed averaged thirty-seven per cent.; while twenty-eight samples of imported seed -averaged fifty-six per cent., the difference being almost entirely due to variation in the amount of hard seed. The lesson to be learned from these figures is that if we are seeding for a hay crop con- siderable quantities of seed must be used. As much as twenty to twenty-five pounds of hulled seed is necessary to insure a stand thick enough to keep out weeds and make a good quality of hay.

As explained before, almost any soil if reasonably well drained will grow sweet clover. Farmers in Colo- rado and other irrigated sections are finding it useful on ground made useless for ordinary crops by seepage ; in Nebraska they utilize it in the sandhills, and in Ken- tucky they grow it on their clay hillsides to prevent washing.

Be Sure- to Have a Compact Seed-Bed

Some of the very poorest clay soils are capable of producing a good crop of sweet clover, especially if these soils are of limestone origin. Like the clovers, it does best on a well-limed soil.

The one thing which must be remembered in prepar- ing land for sweet clover is to get the seed-bed well firmed. On this account corn-stubble or potato-ground is preferable to newl}' plowed fields. If plowing is necessary, it must be done several months previous to seeding, so that the soil will have time to settle.

In the humid sections the best plan is to roll the land after seeding, as is done for wheat. In the semi-arid sections where it is dangerous to compact the surface soil, on account of the loss of moisture, a sub-surface packer can be used before seeding or the ground har- rowed repeatedly with a drag-harrow.

Numerous successes are reported from seeding the sweet clover in spring-sown grain, but one cannot in this way expect to secure the most possible from the sweet clover, as the grain will retard its development.

Flowers and seed

Sweet clover growing in practically pure sand in western Nebraska

Sweet clover in shocks ready for the seed-huller

Fertilizers are usually unnecessar}' for starting a sweet-clover field, but it is always best to lime the soil if it is not of limestone origin, and in all cases see that it is inoculated, if not naturally, then artificially, by scattering two hundred or three hundred pounds per acre of soil from an old sweet-clover patch over the field and harrowing it in quickly before the bacteria are killed by the sunlight.

A study of sweet clover shows that the seed falls on the ground in the late summer or fall and germinates for the most part the following spring. Information on the best time for seeding is incomplete and there is a great deal of conflicting advice on the subject.

Much of the process of storing up reserve food in the roots for use the following year is prevented by fall seeding, even when the stand is not ruined by heaving. The vigor of the second year's growth depends largely on this store of plant-food in the root. The advantage of fall seeding lies in the opportunity for thorough preparation of the soil or in the introduction of sweet clover into a rotation without the loss of more than one regular crop. In the Gulf States February is usually the most favored month for seeding.

The principal requirement is to delay seeding until the seed-bed is in perfect tilth. The seed can then be sown broadcast and harrowed in or put in with a grain- drill. These methods are formulated for fields in which the clover is seeded alone ; when using it in rotations, it can be sown in the spring on fall wheat or with spring-sown oats or barley. Seeding with a nurse crop usually means the loss of one cutting of the clover during the first year.

The poor or delayed germination of the seed means that twenty or thirty pounds of the hulled, and at least five pounds more of the unhulled, seed will have to be used to insure a good stand. Home- grown seed has usually given better results than that secured from some other part of the country. Second and third trials are much more apt- to suc- ceed, owing to the soil becoming inoculated. Many farmers who have failed to secure a stand at first should try again on the same field, as it will gradu- ally become inoculated.

Sweet-Clover Stacks Need a Waterproof Covering

The first year after seeding in the spring, if no nurse crop has been used, at least one cutting of hay should be obtained unless the field is pastured. If seeded in a nurse crop of grain, the nurse crop

should be cut for hay if drought threatens the life of the sweet clover, otherwise the field can be harvested for grain and some late pas- turage obtained from the sweet clover.

The second year the sweet- clover plant should start growth early and furnish abundant early pasture, after which in the North a hav crop can then be obtained with the expectation of secur- ing sufficient seed in the aftermath to reseed the ground, or the hay crop can be neglected and a seed crop secured instead. In the Southern States one hay crop and a seed harvest be- sides are possible.

Several of the uses of sweet clover have been men- tioned previously. It is valuable for its honey-produc- ing qualities, for hay, soiling, silage and pasture. Yields of hay in the North have been as high as one and one- fourth tons the first season and one and three-fourths in two cuttings the second season. In the South these yields are almost doubled, two and one-half tons the first year and over three tons per acre the second year.

The crop should be cut for hay before the first bloom-buds appear and cured very carefull}', as it is quite difficult to conserve the leaves on sweet clover.. It is usually best to rake it into windrows when rather green and place, in cocks to dry. The hay does not shed water easily, hence if stacked some covering of slough- hay or canvas should be provided.

Live Stock Have to Learn to Like 1 1

As a soiling crop sweet clover is not so valuable, on account of the bitter taste, which is more pronounced in green feed than in the form of dry hay.

As a pasture crop it has been quite a success. Hogs, cattle, horses, sheep and chickens thrive on it when given a little grain in addition.

There is very little tendency of either cattle or sheep to bloat when pastured on sweet clover.

The food which an animal refuses or eats with great reluctance is of very little value. So it is small wonder when farm- ers found their cattle refusing to eat the sweet clover which grew along the road- side that they marked it as a weed of no agricultural value.

A few men, however, backed their judg- ment with deeds and starved their cattle into eating some sweet clover or induced them to try it by sprinkling with salt for the first few days. It is to such men that we are indebted for our knowledge of its feeding value, for they straightway be- came its advocates.

Cows and sheep having once developed a taste for it ate the hay greedily, and the results from feeding it were nearly equal to those obtained with alfalfa and better than those with red clover.

Its extremel}' early growth in the spring, almost two weeks before the grasses or other pasture plants are offering green feed, makes the solu- tion of its use as pasture easy. Turn the cows, sheep or hogs onto the sweet clover when there is no other green matter available, and they will eat it readily and come to like it. Then one has only to keep it pastured down or mowed off during the summer to insure a continuous succession of luxuriant green pasturage. Sweet clover contains the chemical coumarin, which has been known to physicians for hundreds of years as a corrective for disorders of the digestive tra'ct.

How It Compares with Other Feeds

Protein is the most expensive constituent of farm feeds. Comparative analyses of sweet clover, alfalfa, red clover, timothy and cow-peas showed that only the alfalfa and cow-peas excelled sweet clover in percentage of protein, the alfalfa by one per cent, and the cow- peas by three per cent. Considered from the stand- point of digestible nutrients, we find the. following- comparative values for the different feeds :

Sweet-clover hay $18.49 per ton

Alfalfa hay 20,16 " "

Red-clover hay 14.12 " "

Timothy hay 9.80 |'

Cow-pea hay 19.76 "

Shelled corn 20.16 " "

[concluded ox P-\GE 17]

Cattle on sweet clover in Tasmania

A Paint Lesson

TO a paste made of white lead and water, add linseed oil and stir.

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Dutch Boy White Lead and Dutch Boy Linseed Oil rush tog:ether and cling together just that way on the house painted with them.

What chance has rain or snow to dissolve siich paint?

White lead and w;iter. with layer of lin*

Water poured oif, leaving white lead and lin- seed oil.

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Dntch Boy WhiTe Lead in steel kegs, 121^. 23, 50 and 100 lbs. Dutch Boy Linseed Oil. 1 and 5 gallon sealed cans. Ask your paint dealer.

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